Black Death - New World Encyclopedia. The Black Death, also known as the Black Plague, was a devastating pandemic that first struck Europe in the mid- late- fourteenth century (1. Europe's population. Almost simultaneous epidemics occurred across large portions of Asia and the Middle East, indicating that the European outbreak was actually part of a multi- regional pandemic. Including Middle Eastern lands, India, and China the Black Death killed at least 7. The same disease is thought to have returned to Europe every generation with varying degrees of intensity and fatality until the 1.

Notable later outbreaks include the Italian Plague of 1. Great Plague of London (1. Great Plague of Vienna (1. Great Plague of Marseille (1. Moscow. The disease was completely eradicated in Europe only at the beginning of the nineteenth century, but survives in other parts of the world such as Central and Oriental Africa, Madagascar, Asia, and the Americas— including the United States. The initial fourteenth century European event was called the "Great Mortality" by contemporary writers and, with later outbreaks, became known as the "Black Death." It has been popularly thought that the name came from a striking symptom of the disease, called acral necrosis, in which sufferers' skin would blacken due to subdermal hemorrhages. However, the term in fact refers to the figurative sense of "black" (glum, lugubrious, or dreadful).[1] Historical records have convinced most scientists that the Black Death was an outbreak of bubonic plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and spread by fleas with the help of animals like the black rat (Rattus rattus), but there are some scientists who debate this.

Information on tickets to concerts, arts education classes and the nonprofit mission of the historic Count Basie Theatre in Red Bank, NJ. A European prince terrorizes the local peasantry while using his castle as a refuge against the "Red Death" plague that stalks the land.

In addition to its drastic effect on Europe's population, the Black Death irrevocably changed Europe's social structure, was a serious blow to Europe's predominant religious institution (the Roman Catholic Church), resulted in widespread persecution of minorities such as Jews and lepers who were accused of starting the plague, and created a general mood of morbidity that influenced people who were uncertain of their daily survival to live for the moment, illustrated by Giovanni Boccaccio in The Decameron (1. Peasant revolts broke out in some areas, which have even been identified as the birth of the class struggle so central to a Marxist view of history and of human progress. In this respect, the Black Death had an impact on the psychology of the age. Human thought responds to such calamities as pandemics and natural disasters over which the human race has no, or very little, control as well as to changes, inventions, initiatives, and ideas that are generated or initiated by humans themselves. Human progress often follows traumatic events.

A cause and effect relationship between the Renaissance and the Black Death has been suggested. In this view, the questioning of divine oversight that was prompted by the Black Death led to a rethinking of humanity's place in the cosmos.[2]Pattern of the pandemic. The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is endemic in populations of ground rodents in central Asia, but it is not entirely clear where the fourteenth century pandemic started. The most popular theory places the first cases in the steppes of central Asia, though some speculate that it originated around northern India.

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From there, supposedly, it was carried east and west by traders and Mongol armies along the Silk Road, and was first exposed to Europe at trading ports in Sicily. Whether or not this theory is accurate, it is clear that several pre- existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death. A devastating civil war in China between the established Chinese population and the Mongols raged between 1. The X-Files Season 4 Episode 17.

This war disrupted farming and trading patterns, and led to episodes of widespread famine. A so- called "Little Ice Age" had begun at the end of the thirteenth century.

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4. The Black Death, also known as the Black Plague, was a devastating pandemic that first struck Europe in the mid-late-fourteenth century (1347–1351), killing between.
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The disastrous weather reached a peak in the first half of the fourteenth century with severe results worldwide. In the years 1. 31. Great Famine, struck all of Northern Europe.

Food shortages and sky- rocketing prices were a fact of life for as much as a century before the plague. Wheat, oats, hay, and consequently livestock were all in short supply and their scarcity resulted in hunger and malnutrition. The result was a mounting human vulnerability to disease due to weakened immune systems. The European economy entered a vicious circle in which hunger and chronic, low- level debilitating diseases reduced the productivity of laborers so the grain output suffered, causing the grain prices to increase.

The famine was self- perpetuating, impacting life in places like Flanders and Burgundy as much as the Black Death was later to impact all of Europe. A typhoid epidemic was to be a predictor of the coming disaster. Many thousands died in populated urban centers, most significantly Ypres. In 1. 31. 8 a pestilence of unknown origin, sometimes identified as anthrax, hit the animals of Europe.

The disease targeted Domestic sheep and cattle, further reducing the food supply and income of the peasantry and putting another strain on the economy. The increasingly international nature of the European economies meant that the depression was felt across Europe. Due to pestilence, the failure of England's wool exports led to the destruction of the Flemish weaving industry. Unemployment bred crime and poverty. Asian outbreak. The Central Asian scenario agrees with the first reports of outbreaks in China in the early 1. The plague struck the Chinese province of Hubei in 1. During 1. 35. 3–1.

Chinese accounts of this wave of the disease record a spread to eight distinct areas throughout the Mongol and Chinese empires: Hubei, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, and Suiyuan (a historical Chinese province that now forms part of Hebei and Inner Mongolia). Historian William Mc.

Neill noted that voluminous Chinese records on disease and social disruption survive from this period, but no one has studied these sources in depth. It is probable that the Mongols and merchant caravans inadvertently brought the plague from central Asia to the Middle East and Europe. The plague was reported in the trading cities of Constantinople and Trebizond in 1.

In that same year, Genoese possession of Theodosia (Caffa), a great trade emporium on the Crimean peninsula, came under siege by an army of Mongol warriors under the command of Janibeg, backed by Venetian forces. After a protracted siege during which the Mongol army was reportedly withering from the disease, they might have decided to use the infected corpses as a biological weapon. The corpses were catapulted over the city walls, infecting the inhabitants.[3] The Genoese traders fled, transferring the plague via their ships into the south of Europe, from whence it rapidly spread. According to accounts, so many died in Caffa that the survivors had little time to bury them and bodies were stacked like cords of firewood against the city walls.

European outbreak. In October 1. 34. Genovese trading ships fleeing Caffa reached the port of Messina, Italy. By the time the fleet reached Messina, all the crew members were either infected or dead. It is presumed that the ships also carried infected rats or fleas. Some ships were found grounded on shorelines, with no one aboard remaining alive.

Looting of these lost ships also helped spread the disease.